The course, aimed primarily for beginners, is intended to provide a preliminary introduction to philosophical studies, with particular attention to the acquisition of the specific terminology and the analysis of some important conceptual issues. The intent is to offer to the students of the four curricula, for the first year, a versatile approach to philosophy.

The course aims to address one of the central themes of philosophy, the theory of categories. The categories enter in the history of philosophy when thought and speech (logos) become the subject of philosophy and with Aristotle, one seeks not only to classify but also to order the objects of our world. The theory of categories developed by Aristotle will have a long and good fortune and will be interpreted in many ways. Kant proposes an alternative theory but, at the same time, moves also a radical critique of the Aristotelian theory. During the nineteenth century several attempts will be made to interpret Aristotle's categories in order to reply to Kant's criticisms; so they do, among others, Trendelenburg, and Bonitz Apelt. Their theories will be proposed again in different ways in the twentieth century. In the light of this wide story we will try to understand what it means to categorize; why there we need a theory of the categories; if theories of categories of Aristotle and Kant are still relevant or useful.

The course will address the following topics in the following order.

The theory of categories in in Aristotle's treatise Categories.

Analysis of some passages from the Organon and Metaphysics.

Short presentation of a history of the theory of categories up to Kant.

The theory of categories in the Critique of Pure Reason.

The deduction of the categories.

The interpretations of Aristotle's theory of categories in the nineteenth century.

The linguistic interpretation of the categories (Trendelenburg).

The ontological interpretation of the categories (Bonitz and Brentano).

The logical-semantic interpretation of the categories (Apelt).

Prerequisites are not required.

Knowledge and understanding
The student will be able to understand and explain the philosophical texts examined, to master the philosophical terminology, and to discuss critically the topics which have been dealt in the class.

Making judgments
The student will demonstrate independent judgment in the evaluation of the philosophical theories studied. In the mode of assessment of learning, a particular attention will be given to his/her ability to rework personal knowledge.

Learning skills
The student will be able to acquire new knowledge and skills, in order to access to additional training levels.

The teaching material prepared by the lecturer in addition to recommended textbooks (such as for instance slides, lecture notes, exercises, bibliography) and communications from the lecturer specific to the course can be found inside the Moodle platform › blended.uniurb.it

Seminars.

Teaching

Lectures, seminars.

Attendance

The course requires a regular attendance. Alternatively, please make use of the information for not attending students.

Course books

A) Texts:

Aristotele, Categorie, Rizzoli.

– passages from other Aristotelian corpus. They are present on the Moodle platform.

I. Kant, Critica della ragion pura (Preface, Introduction, Analyitics of concepts). Qualsiasi edizione: Laterza, Bompiani, UTET.

B) Literature:

O. Apelt, La dottrina delle categorie di Aristotele, Macerata: Quodlibet, 2020.

V. Raspa, Origine e significato delle categorie di Aristotele. Il dibattito nell’Ottocento, Macerata: Quodlibet, 2020

C) Recommended readings:

M. Zanatta, La genesi e il significato dottrinale delle categorie, Introduzione a Aristotele, Categorie, Rizzoli, pp. 7-270. (Consigliato per i non frequentanti)

O. Höffe, Immanuel Kant, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2010. (Consigliato per i non frequentanti)

Other texts of secondary literature will be given during the course.

Assessment

An oral examination on the texts of Aristotle and Kant (indicated at point A) and on two texts chosen among others indicated at points (B) and (C).

Students' knowledge of the philosophical theories dealt with during the course will be subject to an evaluation.

Particular attention is given to the ability to expound philosophical theories with the terminology proper to each, as well as to the ability to grasp thoroughly and explain passages from the texts that have been studied.

Students will be expected to develop a critical approach with regard to the theories studied. In evaluating students, particular attention will be given to their ability to reformulate in their own terms the ideas encountered in coursework and to their ability to make comparisons between the various thinkers they have studied.

Disability and Specific Learning Disorders (SLD)

Students who have registered their disability certification or SLD certification with the Inclusion and Right to Study Office can request to use conceptual maps (for keywords) during exams.

To this end, it is necessary to send the maps, two weeks before the exam date, to the course instructor, who will verify their compliance with the university guidelines and may request modifications.

Teaching

Not attending students can contact the teacher in the office hours to ask for explanations about the content of the tests for the exam.

Attendance

Please contact the teacher, preferably personally, at least three months in advance of the scheduled date of the exam.

Course books

A) Texts:

Aristotele, Categorie, Rizzoli.

– passages from other Aristotelian corpus. They are present on the Moodle platform.

I. Kant, Critica della ragion pura (Preface, Introduction, Analyitics of concepts). Qualsiasi edizione: Laterza, Bompiani, UTET.

B) Literature:

O. Apelt, La dottrina delle categorie di Aristotele, Macerata: Quodlibet, 2020.

V. Raspa, Origine e significato delle categorie di Aristotele. Il dibattito nell’Ottocento, Macerata: Quodlibet, 2020

C) Recommended readings:

M. Zanatta, La genesi e il significato dottrinale delle categorie, Introduzione a Aristotele, Categorie, Rizzoli, pp. 7-270. (Recommended for non-attending students).

O. Höffe, Immanuel Kant, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2010. (Recommended for non-attending students).

Assessment

An oral examination on the texts of Aristotle and Kant (indicated at point A) and on three texts chosen among others indicated at points (B) and (C).

Students' knowledge of the philosophical theories dealt with during the course will be subject to an evaluation.

Particular attention is given to the ability to expound philosophical theories with the terminology proper to each, as well as to the ability to grasp thoroughly and explain passages from the texts that have been studied.

Students will be expected to develop a critical approach with regard to the theories studied. In evaluating students, particular attention will be given to their ability to reformulate in their own terms the ideas encountered in coursework and to their ability to make comparisons between the various thinkers they have studied.

Disability and Specific Learning Disorders (SLD)

Students who have registered their disability certification or SLD certification with the Inclusion and Right to Study Office can request to use conceptual maps (for keywords) during exams.

To this end, it is necessary to send the maps, two weeks before the exam date, to the course instructor, who will verify their compliance with the university guidelines and may request modifications.

The teacher is available for the students in the appropriate office hours, for explanations and additional bibliographic information on the exam program, particularly in the case of not attending students.