The objectives of the course are knowledge of the constituent materials of the cultural heritage, with particular reference to the natural stone materials, artificial stone materials, ceramics and painting materials. Knowledge of the environment and environmental issues. Detailed knowledge of the interaction between environment and materials. Understanding and analysis of the types of alteration and degradation of the different materials. Knowledge of UNI-Normal recommendations. Use and interpretation of non-invasive and micro -invasive diagnostics. 

1.   Introduction to Chemistry for Cultural Heritage: purposes and approaches on Cultural Heritage. Archaeometry and Conservation Science. (3 hours)

2.  Natural stone materials: Sedimentary, metamorphic and magmatic rocks used in art and architecture. Features and processing methods. (3 hours)

3.  Artificial stone materials: lime, chalk, mortar, plaster, stucco. (3 hours)

4.  Ceramic materials: raw materials, technology, ceramic materials classification, and characteristics. Bricks. (5 hours)

5.  Painting materials: organic pigments, inorganic natural and artificial pigments. Chemical and physical properties. Organic binders: characteristics and properties. (6 hours)

6.  Alteration and degradation of materials: phenomena and types of alteration and degradation of the materials. Causes and mechanisms of formation. (4 hours)

7.  Standardized methods for knowledge and cultural heritage: UNI, Normal recommendations. (4 hours)

8.  Non-invasive diagnostics: IR, IR-FC, XRF, RX, UV. (6 hours)

9.  Micro invasive diagnostics: key studies of Cultural Heritage materials using optical and electronic microscopy, Raman, X-ray fluorescence , x-ray diffraction. (3 hours)

10.   Microscopy Laboratory: study of thin sections in transmitted light and shiny sections in reflected light relating to natural and artificial stone materials, ceramics, bricks, paintings, wood and textiles. (11 hours)

Organic and inorganic chemistry

D1- Knowledge and understanding skills.The student should know the composition and structure of the materials constituting the Cultural Heritage and know how to classify them according to their nature. They will need to know the importance of their original characteristics and the degradation they may face over time. It will also have to know what diagnostic methods are useful for the purpose of knowledge and restoration of cultural assets. The level of this knowledge is evaluated with oral questions and with microscope verification.

D2- Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. The student should be able to understand how the macro and microscopic characteristics of a material are related to the different nature and production process or executive technique. This will allow him to understand what approach he will need to use to design a possible diagnostic and restoration project. These skills will be evaluated during the oral exam by requesting examples of articles that are also studied in restoration lab courses or undergraduate theses or qualification papers.

D3 - Judgment autonomy.The student should be able to choose the type of survey most suitable to identify a material and its conservation status in case of a possible restoration. These skills derive directly from the two previously described and the ability to design a diagnostic project, also addressed to the restoration work that is being dealt in the lab courses. This competence will be evaluated during the oral exam.

D4 -Communicative Skills. The student should be able to express the concepts and information learned during the course adequately, with suitable terms, bringing appropriate examples and demonstrating that they have assimilated the notions learned during the course. During the oral interview the student will have to explain some concepts and notions through which the teacher will evaluate his competence and synthesis properties.

D5 -Learning ability.The student must be able to achieve a critical development in his or her own scientific path in full autonomy, using adequately the teaching material provided by the teacher, the exercises carried out in the laboratory and the in-depth study material he can obtain. The professor will seek to stimulate such actions and propose further studies on various topics and case studies and scientific articles on constituent and diagnostic materials that can be discussed critically during the various lessons. This ability will be evaluated through oral exams.

The teaching material prepared by the lecturer in addition to recommended textbooks (such as for instance slides, lecture notes, exercises, bibliography) and communications from the lecturer specific to the course can be found inside the Moodle platform › blended.uniurb.it

Laboratory exercises are scheduled (4 hours) conducted by Dr. Valeria Mengacci.

Teaching

The course includes lectures in which the lecturer introduces concepts and  optical microscope exercises by offering case studies to help them the comprehension.

Students can take the lessons to ask for clarification to the teacher or communicate with her through the platform.

Attendance

Class attendance is compulsory.
Knowledge is required of general chemistry and organic chemistry.

Course books

M. Matteini, A. Moles, La chimica nel restauro, Ed. Nardini, Firenze, 1989.
- L. Campanella, A. Casoli, M.P. Colombini, R. Marini Bettolo, M. Matteini, L.M. Migneco, A. Montenero, L. Nodari, C. Piccioli, M. Plossi Zappala', G. Portalone, U. Russo, M.P. Sammartino, Chimica per l'arte, Zanichelli editore , 2007..
- M.Matteini e a. Moles, Scienza e restauro. Metodi di indagine. Nardini Editore, Firenze 1984.

Lesson notes.

Assessment

The assessment of learning involves an oral exams on the course program, a laboratory test at the optical microscope, and the discussion of a scientific article provided by the teacher before the examination.

Oral exam: The oral exam will cover the general aspects of the program (topics 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10) whose knowledge is required. The student will choose one of the materials in the program that will test the ability to study the optical microscope one of the subjects discussed in the lab (topic 3, 4, 5) and which will be questioned.

Discussion of the scientific article: At the end of the course, the teacher will provide each student with a scientific article relevant to the course, which can also be in English, to be read, understood and summarized during the exam.
The oral test is judged by a thirty-plus vote taking into account the five Dublin indicators (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5).

Disability and Specific Learning Disorders (SLD)

Students who have registered their disability certification or SLD certification with the Inclusion and Right to Study Office can request to use conceptual maps (for keywords) during exams.

To this end, it is necessary to send the maps, two weeks before the exam date, to the course instructor, who will verify their compliance with the university guidelines and may request modifications.

Teaching

Practical exercises in the laboratory to be agreed with the teacher and study of the suggested texts, As well as the material present on the Moodle platform> blended.uniurb.it

Attendance

Contact the teacher for the use of the optical microscope and study the material on the platform.

Course books

M. Matteini, A. Moles, La chimica nel restauro, Ed. Nardini, Firenze, 1989.
- L. Campanella, A. Casoli, M.P. Colombini, R. Marini Bettolo, M. Matteini, L.M. Migneco, A. Montenero, L. Nodari, C. Piccioli, M. Plossi Zappala', G. Portalone, U. Russo, M.P. Sammartino, Chimica per l'arte, Zanichelli editore , 2007..
- M.Matteini e a. Moles, Scienza e restauro. Metodi di indagine. Nardini Editore, Firenze 1984.

Lesson notes.

Assessment

The assessment of learning involves an oral exams on the course program, a laboratory test at the optical microscope, and the discussion of a scientific article provided by the teacher before the examination.

Oral exam: The oral exam will cover the general aspects of the program (topics 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10) whose knowledge is required. The student will choose one of the materials in the program that will test the ability to study the optical microscope one of the subjects discussed in the lab (topic 3, 4, 5) and which will be questioned.

Discussion of the scientific article: At the end of the course, the teacher will provide each student with a scientific article relevant to the course, which can also be in English, to be read, understood and summarized during the exam.
The oral test is judged by a thirty-plus vote taking into account the five Dublin indicators (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5).

Disability and Specific Learning Disorders (SLD)

Students who have registered their disability certification or SLD certification with the Inclusion and Right to Study Office can request to use conceptual maps (for keywords) during exams.

To this end, it is necessary to send the maps, two weeks before the exam date, to the course instructor, who will verify their compliance with the university guidelines and may request modifications.