The aim of the course is to provide to the students the knowledge of the functional groups of the organic molecules, studying their properties, formation and reactivity, through the study of the main mechanisms, to demonstrate the chemical reactions analyzed.

ORGANIC REACTIONS

Introduction of functional groups as a substrate for organic reactions. Classification of organic reactions: addition, elimination, substitution. Main reagents: acids and bases according to Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis; nucleophiles and electrophiles. Inductive and conjugative effects. Limit structures of resonance.

ALKENES AND ALKYNES

Nomenclature. Geometric cis and trans isomerization. Rules of CIP. Nomenclature E and Z. Physical properties and acidity. Methods of preparation. Electrophilic addition (Markovnikov reactions). Main electrophilic addition reactions. Redox reactions.

BENZENE AND ITS DERIVATIVES

Structure of benzene. Aromaticity (Huckel rule). Nomenclature. Physical properties. Electrophilic aromatic substitution and types of reactions. Activating and deactivating substituents. Rules of orientation. Reactions on arenes.

STEREOCHEMISTRY

Stereocenter. Fisher formulas and their use. R and S absolute configuration and relative d and l. Enantiomers. Diastereomers, optical rotation.

ALKYL HALIDES

Nomenclature. Preparation. Main reactions: the Grignard reagents, SN1 and SN2, E1 and E2 reactions.

ACOHOLS, PHENOLS, AND EPOXIDES

Nomenclature, physical properties, preparation, chemical properties: acidity and basicity, reactivity: nucleophilic substitution, elimination, redox, preparation of Grignard reagents.

AMINES

Nomenclature. Methods of preparation. Physical properties. Chemical properties: basicity. Principal reactions with acids, carbonyl compounds.

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

Carbonyl group. Nomenclature. Methods of preparation. Physical properties. Nucleophilic addition reactions. Redox reactions. Reactions on the carbon in alpha position: tautomerism and aldolic condensation.

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

Nomenclature. Preparation. Physical properties. Acidity. Esters: nomenclature, preparation and properties. Saponification. Fatty acids.

Nomenclature of carboxylic acid derivatives. Physical properties. Addition-elimination mechanism (SNA). Reactivity of derivatives. Acidic chlorides. Anhydrides. Amides. Esters. Claisen condensation. Polyfunctional compounds of biochemical interest. Decarboxylation.

D1 - Knowledge and understanding skills. The student will need to know the general chemical structure of the main functional groups. He will have to know the organic compounds and know the main reactivity that characterizes the various functional groups. The level of this knowledge is evaluated with oral questions.

D2 - Ability to apply knowledge and understanding. The student must be able to understand how the physical and chemical characteristics of an organic compound are related to the chemical structure. These skills will be evaluated during the oral interview by suggesting practical problems to be solved that may affect the choice of an appropriate solvent depending on the material.

D3 - Autonomy of judgment. The student should be able to choose the type of product that best suits to solve a problem. These skills derive directly from the two previously described. This competence will be evaluated during the oral interview.

D4 - Communicative Skills. The student should be able to describe the concepts learned during the course, expressing it clearly, with appropriate terms, with clear and precise chemical formulas. During the oral interview the student will have to present some graphical concepts (diagrams, chemical formulas) through which the teacher will evaluate his synthesis skills.

D5 - Learning Ability. The student must be able to construct his or her scientific growth path in a critical and autonomous way, being able to properly use the material provided by the teacher and the in-depth material that he or she will be able to obtain. These skills will be stimulated by the teacher by suggesting further discussions to be discussed later in lesson. This ability will be evaluated through the oral interview.

The teaching material prepared by the lecturer in addition to recommended textbooks (such as for instance slides, lecture notes, exercises, bibliography) and communications from the lecturer specific to the course can be found inside the Moodle platform › blended.uniurb.it

Teaching

frontal lessons

Attendance

highly recommended frequency

Assessment

oral examination

Disability and Specific Learning Disorders (SLD)

Students who have registered their disability certification or SLD certification with the Inclusion and Right to Study Office can request to use conceptual maps (for keywords) during exams.

To this end, it is necessary to send the maps, two weeks before the exam date, to the course instructor, who will verify their compliance with the university guidelines and may request modifications.